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Storia dell'anarchismo

Uno dei simboli più noti dell'Anarchismo.

La storia dell'anarchismo narra l'evoluzione di una filosofia politica la quale sostiene la società in condizione di Apolidia (cioè senza la presenza di uno Stato), spesso definita come "istituzione volontaria di autogoverno"[1][2][3][4], ma che diversi autori hanno invece ulteriormente definito come un istituto più specificatamente fondato su un'"associazione libera" da qualsiasi forma di gerarchia e potere[5][6][7][8].

L'anarchismo ritiene pertanto che lo Stato sia quantomai indesiderabile, non necessario quand'anche non esplicitamente dannoso per la vita umana[9][10]. Mentre però l'anti-statalismo risulta essere in un certo qual modo ancora centrale nella sua visione del mondo[11], l'anarchismo storico in senso stretto implica anche la definizione di un'"autorità opposta" a un'organizzazione "gerarchica" nella conduzione della relazione interpersonale includendovi - ma non limitando a - il sistema statale nel suo complesso[6][12][13][14][15][16][17][18].

L'anarchismo così come viene solitamente inteso nella Storia moderna scaturì per via diretta dal pensiero sia laico che religioso portato avanti dall'Illuminismo (da cui la definizione di "Età dei Lumi"[19]. La sua tendenza centrale in quanto movimento sociale di massa è stata ben rappresentata dall'anarco-comunismo e dall'anarco-sindacalismo, con l'anarco-individualismo il quale si è evoluto ed espresso primariamente in qualità di movimento letterario[20] ma che purtuttavia ha influito anche sulle sue correnti più ampie[21], inclusa la partecipazione degli individualisti alle maggiori organizzazioni anarchiche[22][23].

  1. ^ "ANARCHISM, a social philosophy that rejects authoritarian government and maintains that voluntary institutions are best suited to express man's natural social tendencies." George Woodcock. "Anarchism" at The Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  2. ^ "In a society developed on these lines, the voluntary associations which already now begin to cover all the fields of human activity would take a still greater extension so as to substitute themselves for the state in all its functions." Anarchism.. Peter Kropotkin. The Encyclopædia Britannica.
  3. ^ "Anarchism." The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2005. p. 14 "Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable."
  4. ^ Sheehan, Sean. Anarchism, London: Reaktion Books Ltd., 2004. p. 85.
  5. ^ "as many anarchists have stressed, it is not government as such that they find objectionable, but the hierarchical forms of government associated with the nation state." Judith Suissa. Anarchism and Education: a Philosophical Perspective. Routledge. New York. 2006. p. 7.
  6. ^ a b IAF principles, su iaf-ifa.org, International of Anarchist Federations (archiviato dall'url originale il 5 gennaio 2012).
    «The IAF – IFA fights for : the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual.»
  7. ^ "That is why Anarchy, when it works to destroy authority in all its aspects, when it demands the abrogation of laws and the abolition of the mechanism that serves to impose them, when it refuses all hierarchical organisation and preaches free agreement — at the same time strives to maintain and enlarge the precious kernel of social customs without which no human or animal society can exist." Peter Kropotkin. Anarchism: its philosophy and ideal (archiviato dall'url originale il 18 marzo 2012).
  8. ^ "anarchists are opposed to irrational (e.g., illegitimate) authority, in other words, hierarchy — hierarchy being the institutionalisation of authority within a society." "B.1 Why are anarchists against authority and hierarchy?" (archiviato dall'url originale il 15 giugno 2012). in An Anarchist FAQ.
  9. ^ Errico Malatesta, Towards Anarchism, in MAN!, Los Angeles, International Group of San Francisco, OCLC 3930443 (archiviato il 7 novembre 2012). Siri Agrell, Working for The Man, in The Globe and Mail, 14 maggio 2007. URL consultato il 14 aprile 2008 (archiviato dall'url originale il 16 maggio 2007). Anarchism, in Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service, 2006. URL consultato il 29 agosto 2006 (archiviato dall'url originale il 14 dicembre 2006). Anarchism, in The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2005, p. 14.
    «Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable.»
     The following sources cite anarchism as a political philosophy:

    Paul Mclaughlin, Anarchism and Authority, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2007, p. 59, ISBN 0-7546-6196-2. R. Johnston, The Dictionary of Human Geography, Cambridge, Blackwell Publishers, 2000, p. 24, ISBN 0-631-20561-6.

  10. ^ Slevin, Carl. "Anarchism." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003.
  11. ^ "Anarchists do reject the state, as we will see. But to claim that this central aspect of anarchism is definitive is to sell anarchism short." Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism by Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. p. 28..
  12. ^ "My use of the word hierarchy in the subtitle of this work is meant to be provocative. There is a strong theoretical need to contrast hierarchy with the more widespread use of the words class and State; careless use of these terms can produce a dangerous simplification of social reality. To use the words hierarchy, class, and State interchangeably, as many social theorists do, is insidious and obscurantist. This practice, in the name of a "classless" or "libertarian" society, could easily conceal the existence of hierarchical relationships and a hierarchical sensibility, both of which-even in the absence of economic exploitation or political coercion-would serve to perpetuate unfreedom." Murray Bookchin. The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence And Dissolution of Hierarchy. Cheshire Books, Palo Alto. 1982. p. 3.
  13. ^ "Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the "sociology of power") and the correlative duty to obey (as explored in the "philosophy of practical reason"). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations – by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power – and, practically, by its challenge to those "authoritative" powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation." Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism.. Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. p. 1.
  14. ^ "Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations." Emma Goldman. "What it Really Stands for Anarchy" in Anarchism and Other Essays.
  15. ^ Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows "They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left, – follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism ... Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of Karl Marx." Benjamin Tucker. Individual Liberty (archiviato dall'url originale il 3 maggio 2012)..
  16. ^ Colin Ward, Anarchism as a Theory of Organization, su panarchy.org, 1966. URL consultato il 1º marzo 2010 (archiviato dall'url originale il 25 marzo 2010).
  17. ^ Anarchist historian George Woodcock report of Mikhail Bakunin's anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (p. 9) ... Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."
  18. ^ L. Susan Brown, Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism, in The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism, Black Rose Books Ltd. Publishing, 2002, p. 106.
  19. ^ "Anarchism", Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006 (UK version).
  20. ^ Skirda, Alexandre. Facing the Enemy: A History of Anarchist Organization from Proudhon to May 1968. AK Press, 2002, p. 191.
  21. ^ Catalan historian Xavier Diez reports that the Spanish individualist anarchist press was widely read by members of anarcho-communist groups and by members of the anarcho-syndicalist trade union CNT. There were also the cases of prominent individualist anarchists such as Federico Urales and Miguel Gimenez Igualada who were members of the CNT and J. Elizalde who was a founding member and first secretary of the Iberian Anarchist Federation. Xavier Diez. El anarquismo individualista en España: 1923–1938. ISBN 978-84-96044-87-6
  22. ^ Within the synthesist anarchist organization, the Fédération Anarchiste, there existed an individualist anarchist tendency alongside anarcho-communist and anarchosyndicalist currents. Individualist anarchists participating inside the Fédération Anarchiste included Charles-Auguste Bontemps, Georges Vincey and André Arru. "Pensée et action des anarchistes en France : 1950–1970" by Cédric GUÉRIN (PDF). URL consultato l'11 settembre 2018 (archiviato dall'url originale il 30 settembre 2007).
  23. ^ In 1945, during the Founding Congress of the Italian Anarchist Federation there was a group of individualist anarchists led by Cesare Zaccaria who was an important anarchist of the time. Cesare Zaccaria (19 August 1897 – October 1961).. Pier Carlo Masini and Paul Sharkey.

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